Stereo recording techniques – stereo cameras

Stereo cameras have been in production since around 1855, they became possible at the moment when the lens manufacturers managed to grind and adjust two completely identical lenses. The first stereo cameras were large-format field cameras for wet and later for dry plates, they usually included three to five double plate carriers that were inserted into the camera after the subject was determined on the screen. Large and early London stereo meraworks included George Hare, HJ Redding and Gyles, Thomas Ottewill, Patrick Meagher, Thornton Pickard and Horne, Thornthwaite and Wood, W. Watson & Sons, WI. Chadwick Manchester and London Stereoscopic Company, later followed from 1874 by Sands & Hunter, Houghtons and Ross & Company and J. Reygondaud Stereo. Almost all cameras were made of mahogany woodwere foldable and had red or black leather bellows. JH Dallmeyer built the first stereo sliding box for wet plates between 1861 and 1868, probably the first stereo box ever. The firm Lamberti & Gabagnati of Milano also built a Stereo Field Camera around 1900.

Some of the stereo cameras were equipped with a front panel for stereo recordings and another with a mono lens so that panoramic recordings could also be made. This principle was later retained on some French cameras in medium format, in which the left optics were rotated into the recording center or the optics could be moved laterally in order to be able to produce panoramic images..

Kodak later built the No. around 1885. 5 Folding Improved "satchel" stereo camera, the No. 2 Stereo Brownie, a folding camera, as well as the Stereo Hawkeye Model 4 and brought the Eastmann Kodak Co, No. 2 Stereo-Kodak. a real stereo box out. This was followed by other stereo folding models such as the Model 1. Eastman brought the Blair Stereo Weno, built from 1902 to 1903, into the company, and the company name Blair was then swallowed by Kodak in 1908.

In 1894, Jules Richard constructed the first truly handy stereo camera, a "Richard Vérascope". He dominated the European market with his many models and variations in format sizes, plate and roll film cameras. He also developed the new format 45 x 107 mm for the glass plates of the stereo cameras and a little later the ideal format 60 x 130 mm. Between 1893 and 1937, VERASCOPE built around 80 different models with seven different plate magazines and four different roll film approaches.

More and more producers, especially from Germany, entered the market, the most important of which are listed here in alphabetical order:

Blair Camera Co Rochester USA

• Weno stereo roll film bellows camera with simple extension built in 1901 – 1903
• Haw-Eve Models 1 – 3 Stereo Roll Film Bellows Camera with Single Extract 1902 – 1904

Armand Boreux Basel Switzerland

• NANNA, stereo camera for plates 4.5 x 20.7 Year of manufacture 1908

Caillon, Constructeur Paris France

• SCOPEA street camera made of wood, leather for panels 6 x 13 Year of manufacture 1919

Chadwick Manchester England

• Field stereo camera made of mahogany with red leather bellows + additional. Single look around 1885

Contessa-Nettel, Stuttgart, later merged with Zeiss-Ikon Dresden

• Steroco Model 305 for plates and film packs 4.5 x 10.7 from 1921
• Citoscope removable cassette or film packs 4.5 x 10.7 mm from 1934
• Citoscope conversion for small screen film (prototype only, never went into series production)

Cornu, P, Paris France

• ONTOSCOPE stereo camera with removable magazine or roll film attachment 40 x 40 from 1919
• Cornu Ontoscope 6 x 13 with interchangeable magazine in military version olive green
• Ontoscope Relex 6 x 13 with roll film attachment for 120 roll film from 1931

Dallmeyer Optician London England

• Universal sliding stereo box made of mahogany with three double cassettes 1861 to 1868

Ernemann, Heinrich Ernemann AG Dresden

• DOVE stereo box plates 9 x 18 cm, approx. 1902
• Ernemann-BOB XV 48mm wide roll film 4.5 x 10.7 cm, approx. 1913
• Ernemann-HEAG IV, plates and film packs 9 x 18, ca. 1913
• Lilliput for plates 4.5 x 10.7 cm, from 1914
• Stereo reflex for plates 4.5 x 10.7 cm, from 1913
• Stereo reflex for plates 6 x 13 cm, can also be converted for panoramic shots, from 1913

Franke & Heidecke, Braunschweig

• Heidoscop 6 x 13 cm for removable and single cassettes + roll film cassette, from 1925
• Rolleidoscop Stereo SLR camera in medium format 6 x 13, 120 roll film, from 1926

Gaumont, "Etablissements Gaumont" Paris

• Stereospido of several models 6 x 13 for single plates, magazine of 12 and film packs, from 1906
• Stereospido Metallique, 12 removable plates in the format 6 x 13, around 1910
• Stereospido Metallique, convertible as a panoramic camera, around 1910

Goertz Berlin

• STEREOTENAX stereo spreader camera for plates 4.5 x 10.7 year of manufacture, from 1812

ETP. "Etablissements Philippe Tiranty" Paris France

• VEROGRAPHY with magazine for 12 normal or autochrome plates 4.5 x 10.7, around 1920

George Hare Manufacturer London England

• Field stereo camera made of mahogany with red leather bellows + additional. Single look, around 1875

Hüttig AG Dresden

• Hüttig Stereo Lloyd 9 x 18 for 9 cm wide roll film, including panoramic furnishings, from 1908

ICA Aktiengesellschaft Dresden

• LLOXD 660 9 x 18 for plates and 9 cm wide roll film, approx. 1914
• Panorama-LLOXD 675 8 x 14 for plates and 9 cm roll film + glass plates, approx. 1915
• POLYSCOP Model 603 for glass plates 4.5 x 10.7 cm, from 1911 to 1925
• Plaskop No. 603/2 4.5 x,10.7 for glass plates and sheet film, from 1925
• Stereofix 4.5 x,10.7 for glass plates, circa 1915
• Polyscop 605, 606 , 607 4.5 x,10.7 for glass plates, approximately from 1915
• Polyscop 608 foldable with spreaders 4.5 x,10.7 for glass plates, circa 1915
• Polyscop 609 Stereoscopic and panoramic camera 6 x13 for glass plates + film packs, 1915
• Stereolette 610 + 611 with simple extract for plates and film packs 4.5 x 10.7, from 1915
• Stereolette Cupido 620 with simple pull-out for records and film packs 4.5 x 10.7, from 1915
• and 12 discs removable cassette for stereolette and stereolette cupido
• Stereo ideal 650 for record and film packs 9 x 18, from 1910 to 1926
• Stereo ideal 651 for record and film packs 6 x 13, from 1910 to 1926
• Stereo Reicka 680 10 x 15 for records and film packs, from 1915
• Stereo Reicka 685 10 x 15 triple shutter camera, from 1915
• Folding stereo Palmos 695 9 x 12 with wooden double cassettes
• Minimum-Palmos 696 9 x 18 for stereo and panoramic shots
• Stereo triplex 700 with triple pull-out 13 x 18 for records and film packs
• Stereo panorama "Rekord" 705 for records 8 x 16, 9 x 18 and 10 x 15
• Stereo panorama "Rekord" 710 for records 8 x 16, 9 x 18, panoramic + individual recordings

Ihagee Kamerawerk Steenbergen & Co Dresden

• Compur Stereo Stereo wooden case leather covered 6 x 13, around 1910
• Photoclap "stereo machine" No. 1715 for plates 6 x 13, from 1925
• Ultrix stereo for Rollfim 7.25 x 12.5, from 1926
• "Two-shutter stereo" No. 2430 for plates 10 x 15, from 1929

Kodak, later Eastmann Kodak Co USA

• Folding Improved Stereo Camera No 5 from 1893 to 1897
• Stereo Brownie No 2 folding camera from 1905 to 1910
• Stereo Hawkeye No 4 folding camera from 1904 to 1907
• Stereo Kodak Model 1 folding camera from 1918 to 1925
• Stereo Kodak No 2 a real stereo box in large format from 1901 to 1905

Dr. Rudolf Krügener, Bockenheim near Frankfurt

• PLASTSCOP stereo spreader camera for plates 4.5 x 10.7 year of manufacture 1907

Lamberti & Gabagnati from Milano

• Teak field stereo camera with three double magazines built in 1900

Leanneret & Cie, Constructeurs Paris France

• MONOBLOC 6 x 13 stereo panoramic camera for plates + roll film around 1925

Jules Richard Paris France

• Glyphoscope No. 2 for plates 4.5 x 10.7 cm, also usable as a viewer from 1906
• HOMEOS 24 x 18 mm image format for 35 mm small image film, including close-up lenses from 1914
• Verascope Enregistreur No. 1 with 12 removable plate magazine 4.5 x 10.7 circa 1893
• Verascope Simple No. 1 with 12 removable plate magazine 4.5 x 10.7 circa 1899
• Verascope 7 x 13 with removable plate magazine 7 x 13 and roll film attachment around 1905
• Verascope No. 7 stereo camera with 12 removable plate magazine 4.5 x 10.7 circa 1913
• Verascope No. 9i stereo camera for plates 4.5 x 10.7 and film packs around 1926
• Verascope Rallonge 2 stereo camera with roll film attachment for 127 c1927
• Le Sterea stereo camera made of aluminum around 1931

Korsten, Paris France

• LITOTE for plates 4.5 x 10.7 with pinhole metal strips behind the lenses

Loramawerke WD. Kuehn Berlin

• Loramaskop 35 for 127 small-screen films in small numbers around 1933

Louis Leullier Paris France

• Summum stereo camera for 6 x 13 glass plates built around 1925
• Summum stereo camera with removable magazine for 6 x 13 glass plates, built around 1925
• SUMMUM stereo camera for 6 x 13 with roll film attachment, built around 1925

Lucien Baudry, Angers France

• Isographie Stereo 6 x 13 spreader camera for 620 roll film 1928 to 1945
• Isographie Stereo 4 x 3 spreader camera for 620 roll film from 1947

Lucien LeRoy Paris France

• Le Stereo panoramique, stereo and panoramic camera for plates 6 x 13 from 1905

Macris-Boucher Paris France

• NOL-MELIOR stereo camera for plates 4.5 x 10.7 year of manufacture 1920

MEAGHER MANUFACTURER London England

• Half plate field stereo camera made of mahogany with red leather bellows 1870 – 1875

Optical Institute Plaubel & Co Frankfurt am Main

• MAKINA stereo camera for glass plates and sheet film 4.5 x 10.7 from 1929

Hch. Rietzschel GmbH Munich

• KOSMO-CLACK Stereo, panoramic camera and stereo viewer for glass plates 4.5 x 20.7
• for removable plates and film packaging from 1914 -1925

Sands & Hunter London England

• Improved Tourist Camera 1/2 plate made of teak with three double magazines approx. 1883

Suffice & Molitor, Constructeurs Partis France

• SUMO stereo panoramic camera for plates 6 x 13 from 1924

Thornton-Pickard Altrincham England

• "Royal Ruby" Imperial Triple Extension, running floor camera 5 x 7 inches, built around 1900

Tirany EPT Paris France

• STEREOPOCKET stereo camera for disks 4.5 x 10.7

Voigtlander Braunschweig

• Stereo reflectoscope 4.5 x 10.7 stereo mirror reflex camera from 1925
• With removable magazine, individual records or roll film attachment from external companies
• Stereo reflectoscope 6 x 13 stereo mirror reflex camera built in 1925
• Stereophotoscope with 12 plates Removable magazine 4.5 x 10.7 1908 to 1927
• Light metal stereo and panoramic camera 9 x 14 with long bellows extension 1923-26

Watson & Sons London England

• Half plate field stereo camera made of mahogany with red leather bellows 16.5 x 12

In the 1920's and after came several stereo cameras affordable even for the amateur photographer

• onto the market, here’s another list in alphabetical order:

CIA Camera Indurtrie Austria AG

• Vienna for Indupor GmbH Inh Carl Neithold, CE-Nei. Frankfurt/M
• MECUM stereo box camera for records and film packs 9 x 12 from around 1920
• Indupor Camera 1 Stereo Box Camera for Plates and Film Packs 9 x 12, 1927

EHO camera factory Dresden, later Altissa works

• Altiscop stereo camera 6 x 9 roll film, recordings 5 x 13 cm. 1936
• Eho stereo box 6 x 9 roll film, recordings 5 x 13 cm. 1933

Goerz AG Berlin for Stereo Indupor GmbH

• Indupor model 2 stereo camera for the format 9 x 12 cm around 1930

Yamamoto Yuijuro Syoten Japan

• Jittai Camera stereo box for 6 x 8 on 120 rollfim built in 1935

Kern and Cie. AG Aarau Switzerland

• Kern SS (Small Stereo) for 35 mm small screen film built in 1932

Lumiere Lyon France

• STERELUX stereo camera for 116 roll film 6 x 13 from 1931

Thornton-Pickard Altrincham England

• Stereo Puck wooden stereo box for 5 double shots 6 x 9 on 120 roll film 1925

Even after the Second World War, many companies continued to use real stereo devices with two optics

• designed and built. Several German companies used cameras almost exclusively for this purpose
• American market produced such as. B.:

Camerawerke Gebr.Wirgin

• Wiesbaden Edixa IA – IIIA format 24 x 23 for 135 small screen films from 1954

Iloca Camera Wilhelm Witt Hamburg

• Realist 45 for Realist Inc. Wisconsin 135 KB film from 1955

Iloca Camera Wilhelm Witt Hamburg

• Iloca Stereo Rapid with close-up attachment from 1955

Vredeborch GmbH Nordenham

• Nordetta 3-D plastic and metal housing from 1950

Lake Constance Camera Works for Three Dimension Co. Chicago TDC stereo colorist from 1954 Iloca Camera Wilhelm Witt

• Hamburg TOWER for Sears, Roebuck and Co 135 KB film from 1954

Other manufacturers pushed into the world market with new types, such as. B.:

Astro-Gesellschaft Bielicke & Co

• Berlin with Astro Voigtländer for 135 small picture films in 1949

Lucien Baudry Angers France

• ISOGRAPHY Format 4 x 3 spreaders and leather bellows 1947

Nimslo Corporation USA

• and David Burger London BURDLO for 35 mm small screen film 1985

VEB Belca-Werk Dresden

• BELPLASCA for 135 small screen films from 1955

Coronet Ltd. Birmingham

• Format 40 x 50 CORONET 3-D Binocular for 127 roll film from 1953
• Format 40 x 50 ROBIN HOOD for sheet film 45 x 107 from 1954

Lennor Engineering Co Chicago

• Delta Stereo Format 24 x 23 for 135 small screen films from 1955

ISO Ind, Scientifica Ottica Milano

• Duplex 120 Format 24 x 23 for 120 roll film circa 1950

ISO Ind, Scientifica Ottica Milano

• Duplex Super 120 Format 24 x 23 for 120 roll film circa 1965

FED in Kharkov Ukraine USSR

• FED Stereo Camera Format 24 x 23 for 135 small screen film 1988

The Haneel Comp Los Angeles

• Haneel TRI-VISION mold.28 x 28 made of Bakelite 828 roll film 1946

Kin-Dar Co South Milwaukee Wisconsin

• USA KIN DAR for 135 small screen film 24 x 23 mm from 1954

Kirk Stereo Inc, Los Angeles California

• USA KIRK STEREO for 828 roll film 28 x 28 mm from 1946

Eastman Kodak C, Rochester New York

• USA Kodak STEREO Camera 24 x 23 mm from 1954

Linex Corp. New York USA

• LINEX for unperforated 16 mm film format 14 x 15 mm from 1954

LOREO Asia Ltd Hong Kong

• LOREO for 35 mm small screen film 24 x 18 mm from 1990

MEOPTA Czechoslovakia

• Stereo Mikroma II format 11 x 12 on 16 mm cinefilm from 1960

MEOPTA Czechoslovakia

• stereo 35 format replica of the View-master Color from 1972

TOKO (Tokyo Kogaku) Co Ltd Tokyo

• Owla stereo for 135 small image film 24 x 23 mm from 1958

Peter Kato Düsseldorf

• PRAKTICA LTL3 two coupled Praktica 2 x 24 x 36 built in 1987

RBT spatial imaging technology

• RBT Model Yashika 108 Assembly Yashika 2 x 24 x 36 Year 1990

RBT spatial imaging technology

• Aichwald RBT Model X2 Format 2 x 24 x 36 Year of manufacture 1992

RBT spatial imaging technology

• Aichwald RBT 3-D viewfinder camera S1 format 2 x 24 x 36 built in 1994

Realist Inc. Wisconsin USA

• Realist 3.5 for 135 small screen film 24 x 23 built in 1950

Realist Inc. Wisconsin USA

• Realist 2.8 (Model 1042) for 135 small screen film 24 x 23 built in 1955

Realist Inc. Wisconsin USA

• Realist MACRO STEREO for 135 small screen film 24 x 23 circa 1970

Revere Camera Company Chicago

• USA Revere 33 for 135 small screen film 24 x 23 from 1953

Marguet for Ph.Tiuranty Paris

• SIMDA PANORASCOPE Format 11 x 20 on 16 mm film from 1957

Vsesoyuznoye Objedineniye Mashpriborintorg Moscow

• SPUTNIK 3 x 13 on 120 roll film from 1960

Three Dimension Corp. Co. Chicago

• TDC Stereo Vivid for 135 small screen film built from 1954

Graflex Inc, Rochester NY

• USA STEREO GRAPHIC for 135 small screen film Year of manufacture from 1956

Tougo-do Manufacturing Co Toyohashi

• Japan STEREO HIT for 127 roll film built from 1955

Rokuwa Co. Tokyo Japan

• STEREO ROCCA Format 24 x 23 for 120 roll film Year of manufacture from 1955

Universal Camera Corporation NY

• UNIVERSAL STERE-ALL for 35 mm small screen film from 1954

Jules richard paris

• Verascope f 40 for 135 small screen film Format 24 x 30 from 1955

Stereocraft Engineering Co

• for Sawyer ́Inc, Portland Oregon VIEWMASTER Personal, STEREO CAMERA
• for 135 small screen film format 11.9 x 12.9 cm with close-up attachment ca. 1952

Regula King Bad Liebenzell

• for Sawyer's Europe SA Belgium VIEWMASTER Rodenstock CAMERA
• for 135 small screen film format 11 x 12 cm with View-Master Film Cutter approx. 1962

Stereocrafters Inc. Milwaukee Wisconsin

• USA video for 35 mm KBF format 24 x 23 approx. from 1953

Stereocrafters Inc. Milwaukee Wisconsin

• USA Videon II for 35 mm KBF Format 24 x 23 from 1953

Wollensak Optical Co Chicago

• WOLLENSAK STEREO 10 135 KBF Format 24 x 23 from 1950

Special variants of the stereo cameras (including from the Nimslo company) have four lenses and are used for the production of Lens grid images Uses. If the 3 D image, composed of several individual shots, is to be able to be viewed spatially on normal photographic paper, the help of a special laboratory must be sought. The individual images are exposed in narrow strips on the image carrier and a lenticular film is applied over the overall image, which enables viewing from different angles. The more images are available for this raster film, the less the viewing angle jumps when moving the image. For this process, a special 3 D camera was developed by the Nimslo company, among others, which even takes four photos at the same time 35 mm filmcan record.

Other recent developments on real two-eyed stereo cameras include:

3 D World TL 120-1 I + II

• with SLR system for 120 roll film with extensive accessories
• in image format 58 x 56 mm with exposure automation for correct and under - or overexposure of Hangzhou 3 D World Photographic Equipment Co Ltd, China, from 2006

Holga 120 -3 D Medium Format

• for 120 roll film with 2 built-in electric flashes with adjustable color filter wheel from Holgacamera.com Hong Kong from 2008

IMAGE 3 D FX

• on 35mm film for creating lens grids stereo images that can be viewed tool-free by Image Technology Inc. Norcross, GA. USA from 1996

IMAGE TECH 3 D 1000

• on 35mm film for creating lens grids stereo images that can be viewed tool-free by Image Technology Inc. Norcross, GA. USA from 1990

KALIMAR 3 D Wizard

• on 35mm film for creating lens grids stereo images that can be viewed aid-free made in China for Kalimar Inc Chesterfield, Missouiri USA

MINITECH 3 D-08

• on 35 mm film for creating lens grids of stereo images that can be viewed without aids by Jiangmen 3-D Optical Equipment Co and Cheungyun China from 1996

NIMSLO

• on 35 mm film for creating lens grids stereo images that can be viewed without aids Nimslo Corporation Atlanta Georgia USA, film development only Nimslo, from 1980

NISHIKA N8000 + N9000

• for creating lens grids of stereo images that can be viewed without aids Nishika Optical System for Nishika Co. Henderson NV USA from 1989

RITTAI

• on 35 mm film for creating lens grids stereo images that can be viewed without aids 3-dimensional technical. Ltd Hong Kong China from 1992

Cameras with only one lens can be equipped with an attachment, a so-called Radiation splitter,

• which enables the simultaneous recording of two fields in portrait format, can be used as stereo cameras. In the sixties of the 20th century, practically every manufacturer of SLR cameras produced and sold these beam splitters.

There were special beam splitters adapted to the camera from EXAKTA, Kiev, Kodak-Retina, Leitz-Leica, Pentax, Pentacon, Praktica, Praktina and Zorki, as well as from ZEISS Ikon for the Contaflex and Contarex, here also as a near-steritar, and for the CONTINA, also the STEREOTAR for Contax for the close-up area.

The first camera-independent beam splitters

• Already existed around 1914 as STEREAN + STEREAN II by G. Aßmann, engineer from Elbing in West Prussia. In the 50's of the last century came the STEREO Master for all small-screen cameras with rigid 32 mm lens, it is produced by TOKYO CAMERA INC Tokyo.

From 1973 the STITZ Stereo System was published by ITZUKI Instrument Co Takio Japan, which was also known as Camera attachment and projection attachment

• could be used. There was also a suitable viewer for this. The "SKF-1 stereo set" from the "Fotopribor" photo equipment factory in Cherkasy, Ukraine, has been available since 1985 and can also be used as a viewer.

Another design of stereo images with individual optics has been carried out since 1993 VIVITAR Qdos 3-Dimension Lens System

• GIVEN. With this 70-210 mm zoom lens, both normal shots can be taken and 3 D shots can be taken directly in the camera using the anaglyph method.